Studying Names Definition and Examples of Onomastics

In the field of linguistics, onomastics is the study of proper names, especially the names of people (anthroponyms) and places (toponyms). A person who studies the origins, distributions, and variations of proper names is an onomastician. Onomastics is both an old and a young discipline, says  Carole Hough. Since Ancient Greece, names  have been regarded as central to the study of language, throwing light on how humans communicate with each other and organize their world... The investigation of name origins, on the other hand,  is more recent, not developing until the twentieth century in some areas, and being still today at a formative stage in others (The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming,  2016). Academic journals in the field of onomastics include the Journal of the English Place-Name Society (U.K.) and Names: A Journal of Onomastics, published by the American Name Society. Pronunciation: on-eh-MAS-tiks EtymologyFrom the Greek, name Examples and Observations The study of place-names (toponymy) is closely allied to geography, history, and related disciplines. The study of personal names (anthroponymy) is related to genealogy, sociology, and anthropology. Another sub-discipline is literary onomastics, which examines the use of proper names in literature, and often focuses on the names of characters in fiction (characternyms). A primary requirement of onomastics is the clarification of certain basic terms relating to the concept proper name. In casual usage, proper names, proper nouns, and capitalized words are often taken to be the same thing. That assumption, however, can mislead, because the three expressions refer to three different things which partially overlap.(John Algeo, Onomastics. The Oxford Companion to the English Language, ed. by Tom McArthur. Oxford University Press, 1992)Studying SurnamesWe no longer possess some of the more extraordinary names of people you might have met in the streets of medieval England: Chaceporc, Crakp ot, Drunkard, Gyldenbollockes (centuries before David Beckham), Halfenaked, Scrapetrough, Swetinbedde—though the London phone book still serves up many that can amuse and surprise. Here, within ten columns, you can find an array that... leaves us with a fine crop of surnames, some enticing, some soothing, but others, names that their owners might not have chosen had they been given the choice. Here, for instance, are Slaby, Slankard, Slapp (and Slapper), Slark, Slatcher, Slay, Slaymaker, Sledge, Slee, Slingo, and Slogan, not to mention Sloggem and Sloggett, Slomp, Slood, Slorance, Sluce, Sluggett, Slutter, and Sly...[T]hrough the twentieth century a taste for these interests developed until the pursuit of surnames, and of family histories generally, became a craze, an addiction, even in a sense a religion, with its own high priests—the species of academic now known as onomasticians (onomastics is the study of names)—and its own private language: non-paternal tra nsmissions resulting from non-paternity events, charactonyms, isonomy, brick walls, daughtering out, lexeme retrieval, uxorilocality. There is even a name for this addiction: progonoplexia.(David McKie, Whats in a Surname?: A Journey from Abercrombie to Zwicker. Random House, 2013)Incident-NamesA striking feature of American place-naming practice is the frequency of incident-names, some of very banal origin. Massacre Rocks (ID) commemorates the killing of emigrants there in 1862; Hatchet Lake (AK) was so-called because a surveyor cut his knee on a hatchet there in 1954; Peanut (CA) was named by the postmaster, who, when asked for his views on a possible name, happened to be eating his favorite peanuts at the time; at Kettle Creek (CO or OR) kettles were lost; and at Man-Eater Canyon (WY) a reputed murderer and cannibal was finally arrested.(Richard Coates, Onomastics. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume IV, ed. by Richard M. Hogg et al. Cambridge University Press, 1999)

Abortion Research Paper - 3429 Words

Abstract The topic covered in this research paper is abortion. This paper looks into the history of abortion, the pro-life view of abortion and the pro-choice view of abortion. Under history of abortion the information included is the time line of significant events of abortion such as becoming legal, also different ways in ancient times women would try to use abortions. The upgrading of technology making abortion safer and even if abortion was illegal women would still find a way to abort a baby are also covered under the history of abortion. Under pro-life choice for abortion looks into abortion murder, the rights of human and the rights of the unborn and that a women doesnt have a right to terminate her own fetus. Under pro- choice†¦show more content†¦Pro-choice is for female activists and their beliefs on women taking control of their own body and making their own decisions. The other side of the debate in abortion is pro-life, which is defined as murder, killing an innocent bab y which has no say. It has been reported that anti-abortionists relate having an abortion to murdering someone. They believe that a murder is intentional and so is an abortion because you are planning to abort the baby (Currie, 2000,103). Results have shown that people who advocate for Pro-Life primarily are Christian or Catholic members because of the Bible. In the Bible, it does not say directly that abortion is not permitted it makes references to make it clear that God felt very strong about the fact that a fetus or embryo is still considered a human. It suggests that God creates the babys life well its in the womb and it also says that the same penalty should be giving to someone who causes the death of the child in the womb as to someone who commits murder (Frechet, 2009). As you can see there is two very strong definitive sides to the debate of abortion, both having strong arguments. History Abortion has been known since the ancient times. Women in all cultures have used it as a method of birth control, regardless of whether the culture officially permitted it. Over many centuries women wishing to terminate a pregnancy have drunken poisonous liquids, rubbed certain herbs on their stomachs, or even attempted to pierceShow MoreRelatedThe Psychological Effects Of Of Abortion858 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological effects attributed of abortion. This is said because if a woman is a member a strong religious group with equally strong views opposing abortion she may begin to feel as though she has to end the abortion due to feelings of shame and guilt associated with the abortion or because she doesn’t want to bring shame upon her family. These two very strong feelings may only intensify once having an abortion ,but it’s necessary to note that before the actual abortion she was experience a collectionRead MoreMorality Of Abortion s Argument1207 Words   |  5 Pages Morality of Abortion Counter-Argument Kyle Pedigo PHI 103: Informal Logic Micheal Pelt August 29, 2015 â€Æ' Morality of Abortion This paper is written to present a counter argument. This is a counter argument to a debate that has been around for a very long time and likely will not go away any time soon. The topic I will be covering is: Does the stage of pregnancy affect the morality of abortion? In my opinion I have to say no. But, my opinion is not the subject of this paper. My original argumentRead MoreThe Issue Of Abortion On The United States Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pages The topic I have selected to write about in this research paper is the issue of Abortion, My thesis in this paper is to analyze the history of abortion in the United States prior to the Roe vs. Wade decision and afterwards, and to demonstrate the ways in which our two major political parties’ views on this issue have shifted over time along with the public’s view on the issue. Abortion has been practiced for most of human history. The ancient Greeks and Romans practiced it, although not all ancientRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Women s Abortion : Quantitative And Qualitative Perspectives On Sexual And Reproductive Health1063 Words   |  5 Pages A. M. (2005). Reasons U.S. women have abortions: Quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3), 110-8. This study addressed the reasons behind why women choose to have abortions. Specifically, the researcher focused on both qualitative and quantitative perspectives to determine the factors that contribute to the decision to have an abortion. Using structured survey, the researcher included 1,209 abortion patients at 11 large providers. The studyRead MoreAbortion Is Unsafe And Should Be Illegal1487 Words   |  6 Pagescould you do this to me ¨. Abortion is a horrific experience, that no one should ever endure. I am Pro-Life because of the consequences for mothers, the availability of adoption instead of abortion, and finally the Pro-Life movements in America. First I d like to talk about the consequences for mothers. This is a big reason why I think abortion is unsafe and should be illegal. The first thing I want to address is the mental state of the mothers who have had an abortion. Most times the mental stateRead MoreThe Death Of The Female Body1534 Words   |  7 Pagesrape. (Abortions in America). When viewing abortions by religion, Protestants take first place with fourty-tw0 percent of abortions, while Catholics trail behind with twenty-seven percent of abortions (Abortions in America). The mentality of Todd Akins is not a mentality shared by many, especially of those that have a strong religious affiliation. Below are two scholarly articles that talk about the correlation between intensity of religious affiliations and individuals perception of abortions. WhetherRead MoreOutline Of The Laws Against Abortion1376 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Title – Laws against Abortion Complete the sentence The Purpose of this Paper is . . . The purpose of this paper is to show how the states are creating laws to try and prohibit abortions and how these laws are putting unnecessary hardships on the women trying to receive them. Introduction Abortion is a controversial topic within the United States; states are allowed to make different laws in regards to the topic but must not go against the 14th amendment of the constitution. Many lawsRead MoreAbortion Is An Immoral Act Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper on Abortion I have chosen to write my research paper on one of the most controversial topics in today’s society that I could think of. I chose this topic because it something that is often argued and fought over, but most individuals do not actually know all the facts and statistics about the specific topic. I have chosen to write my research paper about abortion. I hope that I can persuade my readers that abortion is an immoral act, an act that should not be thought of so lightlyRead MoreAbortion : Pro Life And Pro Choice1282 Words   |  6 PagesAbortions are one of the countless subjects that every person has an interpretation about. As defined by the 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary, an abortion is, â€Å"the conclusion of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, succeeding in, or closely shadowed by the passing of the embryo or fetus as a natural removal of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation also known as a miscarriage, the tempted exclusion of a human fetus, or the dism issal of a fetus by a local animal often due to infection atRead MoreEthics: Nursing and Abortion1645 Words   |  7 PagesDupin, Jenifer June 8, 2013 Ethics/ Research Proposal The Ethics for Nurses in Abortion Procedures Working in the field of abortion isn’t an easy task furthermore participating in the abortion procedures. But the field of nursing you have to follow a code of ethics, a set of rules and regulation. Nurses have their personal opinions about abortion, but because they are health professionals and their opinions are sought as such, they are obligated to understand why they hold certain views. Nurses

A financial Case Study of Sovereign Lodge Free Essays

The Sovereign Lodge is an old, but good maintained belongings that has changed ownership several times over the old ages. It has no eating house or saloon. It is positioned as a mid-price, good quality â€Å" finish † resort Lodge. We will write a custom essay sample on A financial Case Study of Sovereign Lodge or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Sovereign Lodge is unfastened during the skiing season. It opens on December 2 and closes the last twenty-four hours of March. The ski mountain it serves operates on a license from the province which allows merely 120 yearss of operation per twelvemonth. Each of the 50 suites in the east wing rents for $ 15 for individual tenancy or $ 20 for dual tenancy. The west wing of the Lodge has 30 suites, all of which have dramatic positions of the skiing inclines, the mountains, and the small town. Board in this wing rent for $ 20 and $ 25 for individual or dual tenancy, severally. The mean tenancy rate during the season is approximately 80 % ( typically, the Lodge is full on weekends and norms 50 to 60 suites occupied on hebdomad darks. ) The ratio of individual versus dual tenancy is 2:8, on norm. Operating consequences for the last financial twelvemonth are shown in Exhibit 1. Mr. Kacheck, the director of the Lodge, is concerned about the off-season months, which show losingss each month and cut down the high net incomes reported during the season. He has suggested to the proprietors, who acquired the Lodge merely at the terminal of the 2006 season, that to cut down the off-season losingss, they should hold to maintain the west wing of the Lodge runing year-round. He estimates the mean tenancy rate for the off-season to be between 20 % and 40 % for the following few old ages. Kacheck estimations that with careful attending to the off-season patronage a 40 % tenancy rate for the 30 suites during the off-season would be much more likely if the proprietors would perpetrate $ 4,000 for advertisement each twelvemonth ( $ 500 for each of 8 months ) . There is no grounds to bespeak that the 2:8 ratio of individual vs. doubles would be different during the balance of the twelvemonth or in the hereafter. Ratess, nevertheless, would hold to be drastically reduced. Present programs are to cut down them to $ 10 and $ 15 for singles and doubles. The director ‘s wage is paid over 12 months. He acts as a caretaker of the installations during the off season and besides contracts most of the fix and care work during that clip. Using the west wing would non interfere with this work, but would do an estimated extra $ 2,000 per twelvemonth for fix and care. Mrs. Kacheck is paid $ 20 a twenty-four hours for oversing the amahs and assisting with check-in. During the season, she works 7 yearss a hebdomad. The regular desk clerk and each amah are paid on a day-to-day footing at the rate of $ 24 and $ 15 severally. The paysheet revenue enhancements and other periphery benefits are about 20 % of the paysheet. Although depreciation and belongings revenue enhancements would non be affected by the determination to maintain the West flying unfastened, insurance would increase by $ 500 for the twelvemonth. During the off-season, it is estimated that Mr. and Mrs. Kacheck could manage the forepart desk without an extra individual. Mrs. Kacheck would, nevertheless, be paid for 5 yearss a hebdomad. The cleansing supplies and half of the assorted disbursals ( room supplies ) are considered a direct map of the figure of suites occupied. The other half of the assorted disbursals are fixed and would non alter with 12 month operation. Linen is rented from a supply house and the cost besides depends on the figure of suites occupied, but is twice every bit much, on norm, for dual tenancy as for individual tenancy. The public-service corporations include two points: telephone and electricity. There is no electricity disbursal with the Lodge closed. With the Lodge operating, electricity disbursal is a map of the figure of suites available to the populace. Rooms must either be heated or air-conditioned. The telephone measures for each of the four seasonal months were as follows: 80 Telephones @ $ 3.00/month $ 240 Telephone Basic Service Charge 50 $ 290 During the off-season, merely the basic service charge is paid. The monthly charge of $ 3 is applicable merely to active telephones. An extra facet of Mr. Kacheck ‘s proposal is that a covered and het swimming pool be added to the Lodge. Mr.Kacheck believes that this would increase the chance that the off-season tenancy rate would be above 30 % . Precise estimations are impossible. It is felt that although the winter tenancy rate will non be greatly affected by adding an indoor pool, finally such a pool will hold to be built to remain even with the competition. The cost of such a pool is estimated to be $ 40,000. This sum could be depreciated over 5 old ages with no salvage value ( $ 15,000 of the $ 40,000 is for a plastic bubble and the heating units, which would be used nine months of the twelvemonth ) . The lone other costs associated with the swimming pool are $ 400 per month for a lifesaver, required by jurisprudence during the busy hours, extra insurance and revenue enhancements, estimated to be $ 1,200 ; heating cost of $ 1,000 ; and a annual care cost of $ 1,800. If the pool were covered, a guard wou ld be needed for 12 months. If it is non covered, a guard would be needed merely for 3 summer months ( from 15 June to 15 September, the warmest period of the twelvemonth ) , and there would be no warming disbursal. Exhibit 1 Sovereign Lodge Operating Statement, For the Fiscal Year ended 3/31/09 Grosss $ 160,800 Expenses Wages Manager $ 15,000 Manager ‘s Wife 2,400 Desk Clerk 2,880 Maids ( four ) 7,200 $ 27,480 Payroll Taxes and Fringe Benefits 5,496 Depreciation ( 15 twelvemonth life ) 30,000 Property Taxs 4,000 Insurance 3,000 Repairs and Maintenance 17,204 Cleaning Supplies 1,920 Utilities 6,360 Linen Service 13.920 Interest on Mortgage ( 5 % involvement rate ) 21,716 Assorted Expenses 7,314 Entire Expenses 138,410 Net income before Federal Income Taxes $ 22,390 Federal Income Taxes ( 48 % ) 10,747 Net Profit $ 11,643 The six options are Opening in the summer, A with and without advertisement, for each of no pool, pool without bubble, pool with bubble. The Options are: Stay unfastened, no advertizement, and no pool. Stay unfastened, advertisement, no pool. Stay unfastened, no advertizement, and pool merely. Stay unfastened, advertisement, and pool merely. Stay unfastened, no advertizement, pool and bubble. Stay unfastened, advertisement, pool and bubble. A matrix demoing incremental fixed costs for each of the six options and classs of cost covering, fixs, insurance, Mrs. K, advertisement, the pool, the bubble, pool disbursals ( rather a few classs here ) , telephone, electricity, and amahs ( if you think necessary ) . Each figure in this matrix should be carefully explained as if to a non-finance individual. Fixed costs for the off season which is besides known as Incremental fixed cost: Manager ‘s married woman: she is paid merely 5 yearss a hebdomad hence, figure of yearss for which she is paid Entire yearss in the 8 month period = ( 365-120 ) = 245 yearss Therefore, figure of hebdomads in that period 245/7 = 35 hebdomads 35 ten 5 yearss = 175 yearss ( Mrs. Kacheck is paid merely for 5 yearss a hebdomad ) 175 ten $ 20 = $ 3500 ( sum spent on Mrs. Kacheck ‘s wage ) Maid ‘s wage At least one amah is considered in the off extremum season and the options in which advertisement is done 2 amahs are taken. Maid is paid $ 15 per twenty-four hours and for 245 yearss during the off extremum season 15 ten 245 = $ 3675 per amah Sing 1 amah for 8 months consequences in the $ 3675 While for 2 amahs, 2 x $ 3675 = $ 7350 Repair and care $ 2000 for 8 months ( mentioned in the instance survey ) Additional $ 1800 for the options in which pool is considered. Utilities: ( Telephone + Electricity ) Utilities expense = telephone + electricity + warming ( in alternate 5 and 6 merely ) The telephone and the electricity is the direct map of figure of suites available to the populace it is considered for 30 suites. Telephone for 1 month 290 Therefore telephone for 4 months = 290 * 4 = 1160 + 400 ( basic service charge for 8 months when all the line were closed assuming that the Lodge was closed for 8 months ) = $ 1560 Expenses on telephone for 8 months presuming that the 30 suites are available to the public = 30 x 3 = 90 + 50 ( basic service charge for east wing which is closed ) = $ 140 per month Therefore, for 8 months = 140 ten 8 = $ 1120 Electricity: Hence by here we can cipher the electricity disbursal i.e. = 6360 – 1560 = $ 4800 Electricity disbursal for 80 suites for 120 yearss = 4800 Therefore electricity disbursal of per room per twenty-four hours = 4800 / ( 80*120 ) =0.5 per room per twenty-four hours Therefore for 30 suites for 245 yearss = 0.5 ten 30 ten 245 = $ 3675 And heating disbursal will be $ 1000 ( wherever pool and bubble is included i.e. in alternate 5 and 6 ) Then calculate the incremental part ( in $ ) per occupied room/day during the off-season? Incremental Contribution = Revenue – Variable disbursal Stay unfastened, no advertizement, and no pool. Incremental Contribution Margin: Entire Revenue – Entire Variable Expenses =20580-3524 = 17056 17056 = 2842.66 per room 6 Suites 2842.66 = 11.60 part border per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Incremental Contribution Margin: Entire Revenue – Entire Variable Expenses =41,160 – 7,291 =33869 33869 = 2822.41 per room 12 Suites 2822.41 = 11.52 Contribution Margin per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Incremental Contribution Margin: Entire Revenue – Entire Variable Expenses =30870 – 5529 = 25341 Contribution Margin 25341 = 2815.66 per room 9 Suites 2815.66 = 11.49 Contribution Margin per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Variable Expenses =41,160 – 7,291 = 33,869 Contribution Margin 33869 = 2822.41 per room 12 Suites 2822.41 = 11.52 Contribution Margin per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Incremental Contribution Margin: Entire Revenue – Entire Variable Expenses =30,870 – 5,529 = 25,341 Contribution Margin 25341 = 2815.67 per room 9 Suites 2815.67 = 11.49 Contribution Margin per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Incremental Contribution Margin: Entire Revenue – Entire Variable Expenses =41,160 – 7,291 = 33,869 Contribution Margin 33869 = 2822.41 per room 12 Suites 2822.41 = 11.52 Contribution Margin per room per twenty-four hours 245 yearss Note: All the computations are for ciphering the gross is done sing the ratio of 2:8 for individual: dual as mentioned in the instance survey. Incremental Variable disbursals – Linen services: For disbursals of 4 months = 13920 ( given in the instance survey ) With regard to 80 % of 80 suites presuming the ratio of Single: dual as 2:8 Therefore linen supplies = 13920/ ( 13 individual suites x 1 + 51double suites x 2 ) = 13920/115 = 121.05 for 4 months Therefore linen disbursal for 1 twenty-four hours 121.05 / 120 = 1.01 Therefore in 245 yearss we have 6 suites occupied in the ratio of 2:8 as individual: dual ( 4 double suites cost $ 8 and 2 individual suites cost $ 2 per twenty-four hours giving a sum of $ 10 per twenty-four hours for the linen services ) 245 x 10 = $ 2450 Similarly when the tenancy rate is dual i.e. 40 % at that clip the figure of suites alterations from 6 to 12 and sing 3 singles and 9 dual suites the linen comes $ 5145 Cleaning supplies Expenses on cleaning supplies in 4 months = 1920 No. of suites occupied in that period = 80 % of 80 = 64 suites Therefore, cleaning supplies per room per twenty-four hours = ( 1920 ) / ( 64*120 ) = $ 0.25 Hence, for 6 suites for 245 yearss = 0.25 ten 6 ten 245 = $ 368 Similarly, when the figure of suites taken is 9 for the instance of 30 % and for 12 for 40 % tenancy. Hence, for 9 suites for 245 yearss = 0.25 ten 9 ten 245 = $ 551 Hence, for 12 suites for 245 yearss = 0.25 ten 12 ten 245 = $ 735 Assorted disbursal 50 % of 7314 is variable i.e. 3657 for 120 yearss sing 64 suites Therefore misc. disbursal per room per twenty-four hours = 3657/ ( 64 x 120 ) = 0.48 per room per twenty-four hours Hence for 6 suites for 245 yearss = 0.48 ten 6 ten 245 = $ 706 Similarly when the tenancy rate is 30 % the figure of suites taken is 9 and when it is 40 % the figure of suites taken is 12. Hence for 6 suites for 245 yearss = 0.48 ten 9 ten 245 = $ 1058 Hence for 6 suites for 245 yearss = 0.48 ten 12 ten 245 = $ 1411 By spliting each of the six incremental fixed costs by the incremental part per unit, and comparing this figure with the figure of room/days available outside of the skiing season, you should deduce interrupt even tenancy per centums in the scope 18 % – 44 % . For each determination alternate calculate the tenancy rate necessary to interrupt even on the incremental one-year disbursals. Break even volume = Incremental fixed cost / part border per unit ( room ) Stay unfastened, no advertizement, and no pool. Break Even Volume: = 14470 2842.66 =5.09 Stay unfastened, advertisement, no pool. Break Even Volume: = 22145 2822.41 =7.84 Stay unfastened, no advertizement, and pool merely. Break Even Volume: = 27270 2815.66 = 9.68 Stay unfastened, advertisement, and pool merely. Break Even Volume: = 34945 2822.41 = 12.38 Stay unfastened, no advertizement, pool and bubble. Break Even Volume: = 31270 2815.67 = 11.10 Stay unfastened, advertisement, pool and bubble. Break Even Volume: = 38945 2822.41 = 13.79 The tenancy per centum comes out to be about equal to 40 % sing all the options i.e. remain unfastened, advertisement, pool and bubble. The figure of suites required to be filled is about equal to 12 out of 30. By comparing these breakeven figures with Mr Kachek ‘s outlooks ( as indicated in the text ) you should pull decisions about which of the options is the best. The recommend option on the footing of breakeven computations: Ans. The best option should be the first one i.e. merely to remain open because merely 5.5 % more tenancy is needed to run into the interruption even status which is rather less every bit compared to the other values. This determination option can besides be considered because of the gross. Mr. Kacheck besides thinks that if the advertisement is done so the tenancy per centum will be at least 40 % and by comparing the per centum of the part border to the incremental fixed cost gives the Break even volume which is good for the first option. Alternate 1: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 5.09 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 20 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 14.01 % Alternate 2: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 7.8 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 40 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 42.2 % Alternate 3: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 9.68 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 30 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 21.4 % Alternate 4: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 12.4 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 40 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 27.6 % Alternate 5: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 11.10 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 30 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 19.9 % Alternate 6: The breakeven volume the rate of per centum which is required to be increased in the tenancy comes to be 13.8 % . All the computations are done sing the tenancy rate as 40 % in that determination option. To run into a status where entire gross is equal to the entire disbursal the most favourable rate of tenancy for this instance should be 26.2 % 7A Using the original net income statement for the skiing season, and the best option for the non skiing season you should deduce an overall annualA net income figure for Sovereign Lodge. After analysing the income statement of the extremum season i.e. skiing season along with all the six options, the 2nd option is the best 1 in which the Lodge stay opens along with the advertizement. Note: In this option the net net income comes to be highest which is the ground to choose this option in order to transport frontward the Lodge to remain unfastened for the remainder of the off extremum season. 8 You should compose a decision which incorporates your remarks in Note 5, and your sentiment from Note 6, and any other positions about the hereafter of this Lodge in order to do a concluding recommendation to the owners.A This decision should be at least half a page long. Ans. The fiscal statements say that 2nd option in which the Lodge is to remain unfastened with the advertizement but no pool is the best option because the net net income for that option is the highest and to be more profitable is the best thing. As Mr. Kacheck ‘s outlook if the advertisement is done maintaining the Lodge unfastened, the false per centum is 40 which enables the overall gross for the twelvemonth to be the highest. The net net income for this determination option is highest amongst all i.e. $ 16819. Because there are no extra disbursals the overall gross is high and there are more net income borders. Mr. Kacheck expects that the net income border will be higher for the options in which the advertisement is done. Initially the basic status is to maintain the Lodge unfastened during the off extremum season and in that period if no extra disbursal is done so the net net income comes to be the higher as in the 2nd option. Ad can better the tenancy per centum as more people will come to cognize about the Lodge. The advertisement money can be utilized in to the web site of the Lodge so that people can happen out the information about the Lodge online. How to cite A financial Case Study of Sovereign Lodge, Free Case study samples

Current policy skilled immigration policy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Current policy skilled immigration policy. Answer: The Australian government has adopted several policies that purported to prevent asylum seekers from arriving by sea. During this phase, mandatory offshore processing and immigration detention have been the essential polices that aimed at reducing the number of boats arriving in the country. Australia is one of the signatories to the United Nations 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol with respect to the condition of the refugees. This signifies that the Australian government is under statutory obligation to enact policies and laws pertaining to the Refugee Convention for both the Federal and State jurisdictions. The mandatory immigration detention system was introduced in 1992 as Migration Act 1992 as an amendment to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth). There are certain policies that address refugee and asylum seekers, which require major reforms to be undertaken by the Australian government to ensure that they are in conformity with the international human rights laws. This research paper aims at identifying the policy that the Australian government considers is required to be reformed to enable the country complies with the obligations of International Human Rights. The research paper further entails about the policies that the Australian government has initiated with respect to the asylum seekers and the refugees and critically determines the aspect of the policies that requires to be reformed. In addition, it assesses the situations/circumstances under which such reforms can be appropriately applicable to the country. When the asylum seekers and refugees enter into the country, the Australian government is obligated to respect and safeguard the basic human rights of such people in terms of the International Human Rights Treaties and Convention like International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In 1994, the mandatory detention regime expanded which became applicable to all the refugees/ asylum seekers who entered into Australia without a valid visa. At this time, the bridging visas were introduced that permitted persons to be released under certain circumstances from immigration detention. According to this legislation, migration seekers arriving in Australia without having any valid visa are sent to an offshore processing unit or are subjected to immigration or community detention. The Department of Immigration and Border Protection is entrusted with the responsibility to administer the law and programs with respect to migration in Australia. The government is responsible for the enactment of laws addressing migration related issues, implementation of such laws and raising awareness among people about such law. The two fundamental elements in immigration program encompass Humanitarian program and migration program for family and skilled migrants. Further, the Humanitarian program includes offshore resettlement application and onshore protection application. Recently, the refugee and asylum seeker policies of Australia have undergone significant changes that are primarily based on the political response to the increasing death rates of the asylum seekers arriving in Australia through sea between Indonesia and Australia. The major political parties in Australia have made several attempts to dress the issues pertaining to the increased death of asylum seeks arriving in boats through formulation of polices which purported to deter and block the accessibility of the asylum seekers/refugees to Australian protection by imposing penalties upon the people arriving through sea. Several people are compelled to leave their homes/countries in the fear of being persecuted and deprived of their human rights on the grounds of race, political opinion, religion beliefs, etc. Under the Migration Act, it is mandatory for every non-citizen who enters into Australia without a valid visa to be subjected to detention irrespective of the circumstances of the individuals. Once the non-citizens are detained, they are not released until they are removed from Australia or are granted with an Australian visa. Most of the illegal non-citizens are detained in closed immigration detention facilities. For instance, in 2013, there were 9375 people approximately who were detained out of which almost 70% of these people were held in secure immigration detention facilities and the remaining detained persons were held in community detention. Some of these detainees were held up for 3 months or less; some were detained for 6 to 12 months whereas some of them were even detained for more than a year. In Australia, four distinct categories are used to classify immigration detention facilities. Firstly, the Immigration Detention Centre (IDC), which is a high security detention facility; secondly, Immigration Residential Transit Accommodation (ITA), which is a closed detention facility that includes less invasive security measures than an IDC; thirdly, Immigration Residential Housing (IRH) that is considered as a secured detention in a domestic environment. Lastly, Alternative Place of Detention (APOD) is a place that is designated by the Immigration Department for detaining illegal non-citizens who are considered likely to pose small risk to the security of the Australian community. In regards to the immigration detention policy, the Human Rights Commission have raised several concerns for past years stating that the mandatory detention regime results in contravention of the International Human rights obligations of Australia. For example, the obligations stipulated under Article 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)[1] and Article 37(b) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)[2] are binding on Australia, which ensures that no person is subjected to arbitrary detention. According to Nethery, Amy and Holman (2016), the prohibition on arbitrary detention includes detention which is although lawful under the domestic law, but is otherwise considered as disproportionate and unjust. The UN Human rights Committee has frequently asserted that Australia has been acting in contravention of the international provisions stipulated under Article 9(1) of the ICCPR. In order to deter any arbitrary detention, a person should be det ained only when such detention is reasonable and is considered as a necessary measure under any circumstances. Essex (2017) asserts that the mandatory detention regime of Australia which subjects an individual to detention, is not based on individual assessment of such unlawful citizen which is essential to detain any person. Further, such policy deprived the detained persons from seeking judicial review to determine whether such detention is necessary or not. In the opinion of Wilsher (2016), it deprives the persons from human rights, as under the Migration Act, there is no time limit on the detention period of such persons. This issue is a significant concern and highly criticizes this aspect of Australias Immigration detention regime solely because it subjects people to indefinite and prolonged detention, resulting in infringement of the international obligations of Australia. Consequently, the substantial impact of the mandatory immigration detention regime on the detainees results in decline in mental health of such detainees. The Human Rights Commission has made recommendations related to such mandatory detention of the immigrants according to which, a person should be detained only under circumstances, when such detention is considered as a necessary measure in their individual case[3]. Further, Boucher, Anna and Cerna (2014) states that time limits for detention and accessibility of the detainees to judicial review should be established to ensure that a person is not held up or deprived of his human rights unnecessarily for a prolonged period. The mandatory immigration detention policy is required to be reformed as it gives rise to another significant concern pertaining to the treatment of and conditions for people held in detention, which is contravening the obligation, stipulated under Article 10 of the ICCPR. The provision ensures that the persons detained are treated with respect and humanity and their dignity is maintained. The Human Rights Commission has often visited the immigration detention centers for monitoring the conditions of the detainees and based on the visits, the Commission has found that some of the detention facilities are not appropriate for holding the detainees for a long period and are in contravention of article 10 of the ICCPR. Furthermore, Sampson (2015) believes that this mandatory detention regime is highly criticized for its expenses. In 2011-2012, the immigration detention expenses have caused the Australians taxpayers approximately $1.235 billion and have questioned the efficacy of the dete ntion system to deter people from seeking asylum. According to Sampson (2015), there are several challenges pertaining to the circumstances under which children immigrants are held up and the prolonged period for which the children are detained. According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the detention of a child should be a last resort. Newman et al. (2013) asserts that the mandatory detention system in Australia requires children to remain in closed immigration detention until the children are granted with the Australian visa or are removed from Australia[4]. The only exception to removal of the immigrant children from the country is if the Minister for Immigration and Border Protection (the Minister) considers the detained children eligible for residence and live in community detention. According to Article 37(c) of the CRC, children held up as detainees are entitled to be treated with respect and humanity and their inherent dignity should be respected. Further, the Human Rights Commission raised concerns regarding the anxiety and despair that the unaccompanied minors are facing when they held up in detention facilities. According to Nethery (2015), Australia is acting in contravention of the obligations that it owes towards the children arriving in Australia as asylum seeker, in particular, unaccompanied minors. Australia being one of the signatories to the CRC is obligated to ensure that it provides alternative care for these children and that they receive special assistance and protection[5]. An essential aspect of care in respect of the unaccompanied minors is effective guardianship, which implies that legal guardian of an unaccompanied minor, shall be conferred with all the responsibilities of a natural guardian. The legal guardian shall be primarily responsible for the nurture and growth of the unaccompanied child. Griffiths (2016) states that there are various issues concerning the unaccompanied minors in immigration detention as it may give rise to conflict of interest. This is primarily because the Minister is accountable for managing the mandatory immigration detention regime under the Migration Act and is accountable for determining whether visas should be granted to those children. Given such multiple responsibilities, Griffiths (2016) believes that it is likely to be intricate for the Minister or any of his delegates to ensure welfare of the child while making decisions for unaccompanied minors. The Commission has made several recommendations regarding the appointment of legal guardians for such unaccompanied minors for ensuring their rights are safeguarded. The Refugee and Humanitarian program is one of the initiatives that is taken by the Australian government with respect to addressing the issue. During 2012-2013, the program expanded to 20000 places and has been categorized between offshore resettlement and onshore resettlement[6]. The program was the most successful program in the past 30 years and there has been 87% rise in the total number of offshore resettlement visa that has been granted by the government. However, with the change in the Australian government, there has been decline in the program to 13750 places. There was an incline in the program to 16250 in 2017-18, which is proposed to increase up to 18750 by 2018-19[7]. According to Grant-Peterkin (2014), the Australian Government implemented the Refugee and Humanitarian program in relation to the onshore and offshore protection that is motivated through the political agendas[8]. However, this program has been supported by Grant-Peterkin (2014) who asserts that this program is a significant step towards the protection of asylum seekers in Australia as is evident from the expansion in the program to maximum places. In regards to detention of the refugees and asylum seekers in detention facilities, the Australian government has shifted such detainees from closed detention into the detention community, in particular, those detainees whose claims for protections is pending. This has been possible with bridging visa and community detention. This reform in the immigration detention policy is based on the measures introduced by the preceding Australian governments, after the establishment of the community detention mechanism in 2005. In addition, the amendment made in the Migration Act empowered the Minister to make residence determination with respect to persons detained in immigration detention, which permits that person to dwell within a precise residence in the community, also known as community detention. The government does not provide working rights to those who are residing within the community detention facilities. Elliott (2015) argued that as community detention does not have a time limit, the asylum seeker/refugee may be deprived of leading a normal life as the Australian government disentitles them from the right to work. Australia being a signatory to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), is obligated under Article 6 of the Convention, to at least ensure the right to employment for the marginalized and disadvantaged individuals and groups, in particular[9]. Moreover, it may not be financially possible for the country to pay for the expenses incurred on the standard of living of these individuals until they are granted visas or are removed from the country. On a contradictory note, Elliott (2015) argued that if the people detained in the community detention are permitted to work, there would be an incline in the rate of immigration in the country which would be inconsistent with the interest of the country altogether. Here, it can be stated that reforms in the working rights of the immigrants policy does not require any immediate reform to be made. The refugees/asylum seekers who arrive in Australia without any valid visa shall be subjected to community detention or immigration detention by the government. As discussed earlier, this detention for a prolonged time is a contravention of provisions ICCPR to which Australia is a signatory. The provisions prohibit detention of people for unlimited days and without any reasonable reasons[10]. The asylum seekers/ refugees arrive in the country without any valid visa for reasons like forced displacement from their native land and fear of being persecuted or being subjected to torture owing to their political reasons, conflicts, race, religions, beliefs, etc. These factors attributes to the fact that they were unable to collect their passports or apply for an Australia visa. Additionally, the persons who usually flee from their own country fail to carry any documents that could be used for their identification. According to the provisions stipulated under MA, persons arriving in Australia without any visa are required to be detained until a visa is granted to them or they are removed from Australia. The issue pertaining to such immigration detention policy is that it does not stipulates any particular time period for which such detainees should be held up in the detention facilities. For the past few years, the Human Rights Commission has appreciated the incline in the use of community arrangements, which signifies that the treatment provided to the asylum seekers/refugees is consistent with the obligations stipulated under the International Human Rights law. There are several other advantages associated with the adoption of the alternative detention methods that complies with the obligations of the International Human Rights[11]. The Minister has discretionary powers to grant a bridging visa to persons who are held up in the detention facilities if the Minister considers that granting visa to such detainee is not contrary to the public interest[12]. As the asylum seekers/ refugees have to wait in the detention facilities for an indefinite period of time for their claims to be resolved. The delay in resolving their claims is attributed to several factors such as health checks, identity and security checks, which are essential to determine whether the detainees are entitled to obtain visa or they should be removed from the country[13]. Elliott (2015) states that the adoption of the alternate immigration detention, which is community detention arrangement, is beneficial as the community arrangements include condensed risks to the health, welfare and safety of the refugees and asylum seekers, which ultimately, is likely to result in low-rate of self-harm. It also leads to fewer claims for compensation as compared to the circumstances that prevailed in the mandatory immigration detention centers[14]. The effective community arrangements enable smoother transformation to life in the form of an Australian resident in respect of people who are detained and are approved protection. In regards to people who are determined not to be entitled to protection have shown more willingness and are capable to go back to their own country, when such people have been living in the community as compared to people who have been living in closed detention[15]. Cornelisse (2016) argues that this alternate detention approach addresses the issues related to high expenses that are incurred on detention facilities as community placemen is comparatively cheaper than the costs incurred in respect of closed detention facilities[16]. Community placement reduces the likelihood of absconding of the detainees as compared to the chances of absconding that prevails in respect of mandatory immigration detention. Community placements permit complete enforcement of migration law and conditions shall become applicable within a community placement that will eventually, result in elimination of any identified risks. According to Conversation (2017), there were approximately 541 asylum seekers who had been subjected to immigration detention for period of one year out of which 314 people have been held up in detention for a period of 2 years or more, approximately along with 5 child immigrants who were detained in such closed immigration facilities[17]. On the other hand, several people have been granted bridging E visa by the Australian government. The situation where some people including children are being held up in immigration detention whereas some are granted with bridging visas arose because bridging visas are granted to people who have already served lengthy tenure in immigration detention. On 21 November 2012, the Minister for Immigration and Citizenship declared that some of the asylum seekers who arrived by boat since 13 Aug 2012 have remained in Australia shall be granted with bridging visa and are allowed to subsist in community detention, while their protection claims are being assessed[18]. Since the Commission prohibited the asylum seekers from working, the financial hardship that the asylum seekers on bridging visas experience have made them eligible for partial financial assistance[19]. Such restricted financial assistance is available for six weeks to assist the asylum seekers with the change from immigration detention to subsisting in the community. However, if the asylum seekers can establish any vulnerability criteria, they shall become entitled to financial assistance for an extended period. The International Human Rights law does not permit any unnecessary detention of any person based on unjustified and unreasonable grounds. However, Australia seems to contravene such provisions as is evident from the statistics which signifies that people are subjected to immigration detention as soon as they are recognized entering into Australian main land without a visa. Conlon et al. (2017) provides a strong argument in support of the mandatory immigration detention policy by stating that such regime is crucial to safeguard the security of the nation. Additionally, Chacn 2014 asserts that it is essential to adopt stringent measures with respect to the asylum seekers/refugees to prevent an incline in their arrival rate in the country that might affect the economic stability of the country[20]. Moreover, in the absence of stringent immigration prevention measure like mandatory immigration detention, the security of the nations and the safety of its nations are likely to be at risk d ue to such blended cultures. These arguments in favor of mandatory immigration detention make the immigration detention policy valid, hence, any doubts claimed regarding its inconsistency with the fundamental human rights is required to be addressed as well. As per the human rights law, no person should be subjected to random and uninformed arrest or detention on unjustified grounds. This provision is stipulated under the Right to Security and Freedom of people from arbitrary detention. Conlon et al. (2017) states that Australias immigrant detention policy that detains the refugees/asylum seekers for indefinite period has been considered as arbitrary and illegal by the United Nations based on recent cases[21]. The UN Human Rights Committee ordered the Australian government to compensate those detainees who were held up in the detention facilities without any established charge for a period of 6 years. This judgment of the UN Human Rights Committee may have a significant impact on the attempts made by the country to obtain a seat in the UN Human Rights Council. The UN Human Rights Committee adjudicated in respect of five refugee, namely, Afghan Hazara, Three Sri Lankan Tamils and One Iranian who had been unlawfully detained between 2009 and 2015 on the grounds of adverse security assessment as alleged by the Australian Security Intelligence Organization[22]. The Australian government had determined the above-mentioned people as refugees and their return to their native country was determined to be unsafe. Further, these people were even denied Australian visa as they were considered to pose a threat to the security of the nation[23]. Furthermore, these people were held in immigration detention for an indefinite period irrespective of any charges and were denied a fair trial. Later, the Australian Security Intelligence Organization (ASIO) reversed the security assessment and the refugees were permitted to live within the Australian community. Nevertheless, these people have spent 6 to 7 years in detention facilities before they have been per mitted to live in Australia[24]. The Human Rights Committee has raised concerns about people who are detained on ground of adverse security assessments. Refugees with adverse security assessments are unable to return to their native country as they have well established fear of being persecuted[25]. As per the Australian government policy, it is mandatory that the detainees remain in immigration detention facilities unless a third country consents to resettle such detainees. According to Brooker (2016), the Third country immigration does not seem to be a reasonable resolution, hence, individuals together with children are forced to experience imprisonment in detention, regardless of any established charge or any crime convictions. From the above discussion, it can be inferred that the Australian policy with respect to refugees/asylum seekers immigration detention for indefinite period is need of much reform as compared to any other policies. To sum up the reforms discussed in this research paper includes alternative detention facilities should be used to permit refugees/ asylum seekers to live within the community until their immigration status is assessed instead of forcefully detaining them in immigration detention centers, immigration transit facilities[26]. The alternate detention facility can be achieved by providing the asylum/seekers with bridging visas and the amendment in MA conferring discretionary powers upon the Minister to determine residences for refugees/asylum seekers is an additional initiative. With this initiative, the refugees/asylums seekers shall be entitled to the right to move freely within the community without being subjected to any physical supervisions and constant reporting to auth orities as they face in detention centers. The alternate immigrant detention/ community detention facilities are much better than the other immigration detention initiatives. Nevertheless, no procedure in Australia can remove the stringent immigration detention regime and implement the alternate detention policies. The refugees/ asylum seekers become entitled to community detention after serving a significant period in the mandatory immigration detention facilities. Thus, the much needed reform that could be made in the immigration detention policy is to ensure that the refugees/asylum seekers are removed from the detention centers sooner and are not subjected to unjustified detention in such closed detention centers. The verification or the screening process should be done timely to ensure liberty of refugees is safeguarded and safety of the nation is secured[27]. The implementation of such reform shall not raise any significant concern relating to the security and safety of the nation and its nationals. This is evident from the fact that several people who are held up in detention centers have been released into the community after some point of time, hence, if only such people are removed from such detention centers to community faster, it is likely to raise any significant concerns regarding security of the country. On the contrary, if the refugees/asylum seekers are detained for longer, it is likely to pose greater risk in that such agencies would consumer larger amount of time to assess the refugees/asylum seekers. Additionally, it has been observed that long detentions have a significant impact on the psychological health of the detainees including children and they are not receiving adequate medical assistance provided by the Australian Government. This issue can be addressed only when the refugees/asylum seekers are assured of the peri od that they will be held up in the detention centers, it shall not take a toll on their mental health[28]. Therefore, although there are no reforms that can be made to abolish the mandatory immigration detention completely to ensure the security and safety of the nations and its nations, but a specific time should be stipulated within the immigration detention policy beyond which no refugee/asylum seekers shall be detained. Furthermore, the issue pertaining to detention of people on secret security grounds requires to be addressed. The detainees are not provided with sufficient evidence to establish that they have committed wrong resulting in extension in their detention period. One of the basic principles of law states is that a person is prosecuted only after he is provided with the evidence justifying their prosecution. The persons are entitled to a fair trial and a right to defend themselves against any allegations that have been brought against them[29]. The lack of this opportunity is a significant deficiency in the immigration detention policy in Australia. The entitlement of these rights to the detainees would enable the government to determine the immigration status of the detainees without consuming much time and such reforms shall not have any adverse impact on the government neither on the country. The implementations of these reforms would not only ensure compliance of the country with the international human rights law provisions but it shall also enhance the status of the country as one having the most effective immigrant policies. Bibliography Akbari, Ather H., and Martha MacDonald. "Immigration policy in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States: An overview of recent trends."International Migration Review48.3 (2014): 801-822. Alternatives To Detention | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/alternatives-detention Asylum Seekers And Refugees Guide | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/asylum-seekers-and-refugees-guide Australia And Asylum Seekers: Where Do The Rudd Reforms Leave Us? (2017) The Conversation https://theconversation.com/australia-and-asylum-seekers-where-do-the-rudd-reforms-leave-us-16252 Australia. Human Rights Commission, and President Triggs.The forgotten children: national inquiry into children in immigration detention. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2014. Bosworth, Mary.Inside immigration detention. OUP Oxford, 2014. Boucher, Anna, and Lucie Cerna. "Current policy trends in skilled immigration policy."International Migration52.3 (2014): 21-25. Brooker, Stephen, et al. "Challenges to providing mental health care in immigration detention."Geneva: Global Detention Project(2016). Chacn, Jennifer M. "Immigration detention: No turning back?."South Atlantic Quarterly113.3 (2014): 621-628. Conlon, Deirdre, and Nancy Hiemstra, eds.Intimate economies of immigration detention: Critical perspectives. Vol. 214. Routledge, 2016. Conlon, Deirdre, Nancy Hiemstra, and Alison Mountz. "Spatial Control: Geographical Approaches to the Study of Immigration Detention." (2017). Cornelisse, Galina. "Immigration Detention: An Instrument in the Fight Against Illegal Immigration or a Tool for Its Management?."Immigration detention, risk and human rights. Springer International Publishing, 2016. 73-89. Doherty, Ben, Australia's Indefinite Detention Of Refugees Illegal, UN Rules (2017) the Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/may/18/australias-indefinite-detention-of-refugees-illegal-un-rules Elliott, Elizabeth J., and Hasantha Gunasekera.The Health and Well-being of Children in Immigration Detention: Report to the Australian Human Rights Commission: Monitoring Visit to Wickham Point Detention Centre, Darwin, NT, October 16th-18th 2015. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016. Essex, Ryan, and Poonkulali Govintharajah. "Mental health of children and adolescents in Australian alternate places of immigration detention."Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health53.6 (2017): 525-528. Essex, Ryan. "A community standard: Equivalency of healthcare in Australian immigration detention."Journal of immigrant and minority health19.4 (2017): 974-981. Grant-Peterkin, Hugh, et al. "Inadequate mental healthcare in immigration removal centres."BMJ349 (2014): g6627 Griffiths, Melanie. "Inside Immigration Detention. By Mary Bosworth." (2016): 425-427. Hernandez, Cesar Cuauhtemoc Garcia Hernandez. "Immigration detention as punishment."Immigr. Nat'lity L. Rev.35 (2014): 385. Immigration Detention And Asylum Seekers (2017) Lawcouncil.asn.au https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/tags/immigration-detention-and-asylum-seekers Immigration Detention And Human Rights | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/projects/immigration-detention-and-human-rights Nethery, Amy, and Rosa Holman. "Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australias offshore immigration detention centres."The International Journal of Human Rights20.7 (2016): 1018-1038. Nethery, Amy, and Stephanie J. Silverman, eds.Immigration detention: the migration of a policy and its human impact. Vol. 6. Routledge, 2015. Newman, Louise, Nicholas Proctor, and Michael Dudley. "Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care."Australasian Psychiatry21.4 (2013): 315-320. Questions And Answers About Refugees Asylum Seekers | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/questions-and-answers-about-refugees-asylum-seekers Recent Changes In Australian Refugee Policy - Refugee Council Of Australia (2017) Refugee Council of Australia https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/publications/recent-changes-australian-refugee-policy/ Refugee Laws In Need Of Reform (2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/refugee-laws-in-need-of-reform/news-story/0a7909c3d47cde19c88d05a71597eda5 Sampson, Robyn. There are Alternatives: A Handbook for Preventing Unnecessary Immigration Detention Including the Revised Community Assessment and Placement Model (CAP). International Detention Coalition, 2015. Wilsher, Daniel. "Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and Its Human Impact."Refuge32.3 (2016): 153. [1] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights at article [9(1)]. [2] Convention on the Rights of the Child at article [37(b)]. [3]Australia. Human Rights Commission, and President Triggs. The forgotten children: national inquiry into children in immigration detention. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2014. [4]Australia. Human Rights Commission, and President Triggs. The forgotten children: national inquiry into children in immigration detention. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2014. [5]Bosworth, Mary. Inside immigration detention. OUP Oxford, 2014. [6]Alternatives To Detention | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/alternatives-detention. [7]Australia And Asylum Seekers: Where Do The Rudd Reforms Leave Us? (2017) The Conversation https://theconversation.com/australia-and-asylum-seekers-where-do-the-rudd-reforms-leave-us-16252 [8]Asylum Seekers And Refugees Guide | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/asylum-seekers-and-refugees-guide. [9]Brooker, Stephen, et al. "Challenges to providing mental health care in immigration detention." Geneva: Global Detention Project (2016). [10]Chacn, Jennifer M. "Immigration detention: No turning back?." South Atlantic Quarterly 113.3 (2014): 621-628. [11]Conlon, Deirdre, and Nancy Hiemstra, eds. Intimate economies of immigration detention: Critical perspectives. Vol. 214. Routledge, 2016. [12]Questions And Answers About Refugees Asylum Seekers | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/questions-and-answers-about-refugees-asylum-seekers [13]Conlon, Deirdre, Nancy Hiemstra, and Alison Mountz. "Spatial Control: Geographical Approaches to the Study of Immigration Detention." (2017). [14]Recent Changes In Australian Refugee Policy - Refugee Council Of Australia (2017) Refugee Council of Australia https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/publications/recent-changes-australian-refugee-policy/ [15] Newman, Louise, Nicholas Proctor, and Michael Dudley. "Seeking asylum in Australia: immigration detention, human rights and mental health care." Australasian Psychiatry 21.4 (2013): 315-320. [16]Cornelisse, Galina. "Immigration Detention: An Instrument in the Fight Against Illegal Immigration or a Tool for Its Management?." Immigration detention, risk and human rights. Springer International Publishing, 2016. 73-89. [17]Nethery, Amy, and Stephanie J. Silverman, eds. Immigration detention: the migration of a policy and its human impact. Vol. 6. Routledge, 2015. [18]Doherty, Ben, Australia's Indefinite Detention Of Refugees Illegal, UN Rules (2017) the Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/may/18/australias-indefinite-detention-of-refugees-illegal-un-rules [19] Immigration Detention And Human Rights | Australian Human Rights Commission (2017) Humanrights.gov.au https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/asylum-seekers-and-refugees/projects/immigration-detention-and-human-rights [20]Elliott, Elizabeth J., and Hasantha Gunasekera. The Health and Well-being of Children in Immigration Detention: Report to the Australian Human Rights Commission: Monitoring Visit to Wickham Point Detention Centre, Darwin, NT, October 16th-18th 2015. Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016. [21]Refugee Laws In Need Of Reform (2017) Theaustralian.com.au https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/refugee-laws-in-need-of-reform/news-story/0a7909c3d47cde19c88d05a71597eda5. [22]Immigration Detention And Asylum Seekers (2017) Lawcouncil.asn.au https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/tags/immigration-detention-and-asylum-seekers. [23]Grant-Peterkin, Hugh, et al. "Inadequate mental healthcare in immigration removal centres." BMJ 349 (2014): g6627 [24] Griffiths, Melanie. "Inside Immigration Detention. By Mary Bosworth." (2016): 425-427. [25] Hernandez, Cesar Cuauhtemoc Garcia Hernandez. "Immigration detention as punishment." Immigr. Nat'lity L. Rev. 35 (2014): 385. [26]Sampson, Robyn. There are Alternatives: A Handbook for Preventing Unnecessary Immigration Detention Including the Revised Community Assessment and Placement Model (CAP). International Detention Coalition, 2015. [27]Wilsher, Daniel. "Immigration Detention: The Migration of a Policy and Its Human Impact." Refuge 32.3 (2016): 153. [28] Essex, Ryan. "A community standard: Equivalency of healthcare in Australian immigration detention." Journal of immigrant and minority health 19.4 (2017): 974-981. [29]Nethery, Amy, and Rosa Holman. "Secrecy and human rights abuse in Australias offshore immigration detention centres." The International Journal of Human Rights 20.7 (2016): 1018-1038.